Country Profile on AI Governance: Eswatini

Fellow-assigned pillar score. Indicators not scored. Southern Africa mean 2.04 · all 54 states mean 1.76.

10 indicators: 5 evidence found, 0 confirmed absence, 5 not determined.

1. S1.1

   National AI strategy existence

   ●Evidence found

   Draft: The Ministry of ICT announced a National AI Strategy and 4IR Strategy for the 2024/25 fiscal year (Nov 2024). PS Phesheya Dube said in Jun 2025 that the ministry was 'currently drafting' the national AI strategy; no adoption or published draft was found as of Oct 2026.

   Sources eswatini.un.org (opens in a new tab) · eswatiniobserver.com (opens in a new tab)

2. S1.2

   Strategy adoption date

   ●Evidence found

   N/A: No adoption found; strategy reported as being drafted (Jun 2025).

   Sources eswatiniobserver.com (opens in a new tab)

3. S1.3

   Political commitment signals

   ●Evidence found

   Formal statement: ICT Minister Savannah Maziya framed AI as an opportunity at a May 2025 national dialogue, and PS Dube committed in Jun 2025 to 'responsible and ethical AI adoption'. A 2025 update says legislation for AI, robotics and satellite systems is planned.

   Sources undp.org (opens in a new tab) · eswatiniobserver.com (opens in a new tab) · dig.watch (opens in a new tab)

4. S1.4

   Dedicated AI budget allocation

   ○Not determined

   No AI budget allocation found.

   Sources dig.watch (opens in a new tab) · eswatini.un.org (opens in a new tab)

5. S1.5

   AU Continental AI Strategy alignment

   ○Not determined

   No source on alignment with the AU Continental AI Strategy.

   Sources eswatini.un.org (opens in a new tab) · eswatiniobserver.com (opens in a new tab)

6. S1.6

   Multi-stakeholder consultation

   ●Evidence found

   Informal: The inaugural AI Indaba (Nov 2024) and a UNDP-supported national dialogue at UNESWA (May 2025) brought together government, academia, private sector and youth. No formal consultation on a draft text was found.

   Sources eswatini.un.org (opens in a new tab) · undp.org (opens in a new tab)

7. S1.7

   Sector prioritisation

   ●Evidence found

   Generic: The planned strategy targets education, health and agriculture (Nov 2024 announcement); no strategy text or targets located.

   Sources eswatini.un.org (opens in a new tab)

8. S1.8

   Implementation roadmap

   ○Not determined

   No adopted national AI strategy text was located, so strategy-content evidence could not be assessed.

   Sources eswatiniobserver.com (opens in a new tab)

9. S1.9

   Monitoring and evaluation framework

   ○Not determined

   No adopted national AI strategy text was located, so strategy-content evidence could not be assessed.

   Sources eswatiniobserver.com (opens in a new tab)

10. S1.10

    Strategy review mechanism

    ○Not determined

    No adopted national AI strategy text was located, so strategy-content evidence could not be assessed.

    Sources eswatiniobserver.com (opens in a new tab) · oasis.col.org (opens in a new tab)

Fellow-assigned pillar score. Indicators not scored. Southern Africa mean 1.43 · all 54 states mean 1.32.

10 indicators: 3 evidence found, 1 confirmed absence, 6 not determined.

1. G2.1

   AI-specific legislation

   ●Evidence found

   Under discussion: At the 2025 Eswatini Economic Update, ICT Minister Savannah Maziya said legislation is planned for emerging technologies including AI, robotics and satellite systems (Digital Watch, 5 August 2025). In June 2025, parliamentarians received AI training to prepare for debates on AI-related legislation; no AI bill text was located.

   Sources dig.watch (opens in a new tab) · eswatiniobserver.com (opens in a new tab)

2. G2.2

   Data protection law status

   ●Evidence found

   Enforced with DPA: Eswatini published the Data Protection Act, 2022 in the Government Gazette in March 2022, bringing it into force, and dataprotection.africa (June 2022) records a data protection authority as appointed. The Act provides a right not to be subject to automated decision-making.

   Sources dataprotection.africa (opens in a new tab)

3. G2.3

   DPA AI mandate

   ○Not determined

   A DPA is recorded as appointed under the Data Protection Act 2022 (dataprotection.africa, June 2022), but no explicit AI oversight mandate or AI guidance was located.

   Sources dataprotection.africa (opens in a new tab)

4. G2.4

   DPA staffing and budget

   ○Not determined

   Published DPA staff count and annual budget were not located in this desk review (October 2026). dataprotection.africa records DPA membership as 'Unclear'; the regulator's annual report PDFs returned 404 errors when fetched.

   Sources dataprotection.africa (opens in a new tab)

5. G2.5

   AI regulatory body existence

   ○Not determined

   No AI governance council was located. A newly established AI research group at the Royal Science and Technology Park facilitated the June 2025 parliamentary workshop; it is a research unit, not a governance body.

   Sources eswatiniobserver.com (opens in a new tab)

6. G2.6

   Institutional design model

   ○Not determined

   No regulatory model for AI is defined; AI legislation was described as planned in August 2025.

   Sources dig.watch (opens in a new tab)

7. G2.7

   Malabo Convention ratification

   ■Confirmed absence

   Not signed: The AU official status list of the Malabo Convention dated 02/02/2026 records no signature, ratification or deposit for Eswatini. The Convention entered into force on 8 June 2023; the list counts 21 signatures and 20 ratifications.

   Sources au.int (opens in a new tab) · au.int (2) (opens in a new tab)

8. G2.8

   Enforcement actions taken

   ○Not determined

   No AI-related enforcement action (investigation, fine or order concerning AI or automated processing) was located in this desk review (October 2026); absence is not confirmed because DPA decision registers were not accessible.

9. G2.9

   Extraterritorial provisions

   ●Evidence found

   Partial coverage: dataprotection.africa (June 2022) records that the Data Protection Act 2022 applies to foreign entities, including those that only transit data. Coverage is via data protection law; no AI-specific extraterritorial clause was found.

   Sources dataprotection.africa (opens in a new tab)

10. G2.10

    IP framework for AI

    ○Not determined

    No evidence of a review of intellectual property legislation for AI-generated content was located in this desk review (October 2026); IP-specific searches could not be completed, so absence is not confirmed.

Fellow-assigned pillar score. Indicators not scored. Southern Africa mean 1.77 · all 54 states mean 1.51.

10 indicators: 5 evidence found, 2 confirmed absence, 3 not determined.

1. I3.1

   Data center count

   ●Evidence found

   Data Center Map's Africa directory (page undated; accessed 2026-10-06) lists 1 data centre facility(ies) in Eswatini, out of 261 listed across 43 African countries. The directory is self-reported by operators and may include some non-colocation facilities.

   Sources datacentermap.com (opens in a new tab)

2. I3.2

   Data center capacity (MW)

   ○Not determined

   No published MW figure was verified. The RSTP National Data Centre page lists backup power of four 500 kVA diesel generators but no IT load; Data Center Map lists 1 facility.

   Sources rstp.org.sz (opens in a new tab) · datacentermap.com (opens in a new tab)

3. I3.3

   Submarine cable landing points

   ■Confirmed absence

   Eswatini is landlocked; TeleGeography's global landing-point dataset (accessed 2026-10-06) contains no landing point in Eswatini. International connectivity is via terrestrial fibre to neighbouring coastal landing stations.

   Sources submarinecablemap.com (opens in a new tab)

4. I3.4

   International bandwidth (Gbps)

   ●Evidence found

   SADC ICT Observatory (downloaded 2026-10-06) reports Eswatini's 2025 international internet bandwidth as 31,147 Mbit/s (about 31.1 Gbps), down from 50,145 Mbit/s in 2024, and lit/equipped capacity of 51,745 Mbit/s in 2025.

   Sources ictobservatory.sadc.int (opens in a new tab) · ictobservatory.sadc.int (2) (opens in a new tab)

5. I3.5

   Hyperscaler presence

   ■Confirmed absence

   None: Official region lists checked on 2026-10-06 show no cloud region, availability zone or local/edge zone in Eswatini: AWS (Africa region Cape Town only; local zones Johannesburg and Nairobi), Azure (South Africa North/West only), Google Cloud (africa-south1 Johannesburg only), Oracle (Johannesburg and Casablanca live; Kenya coming soon) and Alibaba (no African region). Huawei Cloud's African regions are Johannesburg and Cairo (May 2024), but this rests on press coverage because Huawei's own region page could not be machine-read.

   Sources aws.amazon.com (opens in a new tab) · aws.amazon.com (2) (opens in a new tab) · learn.microsoft.com (opens in a new tab)

6. I3.6

   GPU/HPC access

   ●Evidence found

   Limited (academic only): South Africa's CSIR (undated news item, accessed 2026-10-06) states that its Centre for High Performance Computing has redeployed retired supercomputer infrastructure to regional partner countries including Eswatini, under the SADC HPC capacity-building programme hosted at universities. No national AI compute facility or commercial GPU cloud in Eswatini was identified.

   Sources csir.co.za (opens in a new tab)

7. I3.7

   Data localisation provisions

   ○Not determined

   The Data Protection Act 2022 conditions transfers on adequacy and SADC rules (dataprotection.africa, updated June 2022). No in-country storage mandate was verified in this pass.

   Sources dataprotection.africa (opens in a new tab)

8. I3.8

   Cross-border data flow framework

   ●Evidence found

   Comprehensive: The Data Protection Act, 2022 (gazetted March 2022) differentiates transfers to SADC member states (allowed where necessary for a public-interest task or where the recipient establishes necessity) from transfers to non-SADC states, which require an adequate level of protection; the Commission sets categories needing authorisation (dataprotection.africa, updated 24 June 2022).

   Sources dataprotection.africa (opens in a new tab)

9. I3.9

   Foreign AI surveillance spending

   ○Not determined

   Eswatini is not among the 11 countries mapped in IDS/ADRN's Smart City Surveillance in Africa (March 2026), and no other dated source documenting a contract value for foreign AI-enabled surveillance in Eswatini was opened in this pass.

   Sources ids.ac.uk (opens in a new tab)

10. I3.10

    Sovereign cloud initiatives

    ●Evidence found

    Operational: The Royal Science and Technology Park (a state entity) operates Eswatini's National Data Centre, which provides cloud infrastructure services to support e-government and describes itself as providing modern ICT infrastructure to the Kingdom (RSTP website, undated, accessed 2026-10-06). Data Center Map also lists the RSTP National Data Center.

    Sources rstp.org.sz (opens in a new tab) · datacentermap.com (opens in a new tab)

Fellow-assigned pillar score. Indicators not scored. Southern Africa mean 1.40 · all 54 states mean 1.20.

10 indicators: 3 evidence found, 0 confirmed absence, 7 not determined.

1. H4.1

   AI researchers per million

   ○Not determined

   No consistent cross-country source of AI-specific researchers per million was found or could be queried for this country as of Oct 2026 (the planned OpenAlex author query was blocked by an API rate limit on 2026-10-06). Context only: UNESCO UIS via World Bank indicator SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6 reports 137.9 total R&D researchers (all fields, FTE) per million people in 2015; this is not an AI-specific figure.

   Sources api.worldbank.org (opens in a new tab)

2. H4.2

   DPA staff with AI competency

   ○Not determined

   No published source was found on the number of data protection authority staff with demonstrable AI technical skills as of Oct 2026; DPA annual reports were not located within the research budget of this pass.

3. H4.3

   University AI programs

   ○Not determined

   No source counting universities with AI/ML degree programmes was opened for this country in this pass (Oct 2026); a national higher-education programme register or course-page review is needed.

4. H4.4

   African-authored AI publications

   ●Evidence found

   CSET Country Activity Tracker (Merged Academic Corpus) via Our World in Data, series 'AI scholarly publications - Field: All', entity Eswatini (SWZ), reference year 2024: 8 publications (2023: 4). Counts articles with at least one author at an institution in the country, English title/abstract only; dataset last updated 27 Apr 2026. OpenAlex could not be used because the API was rate-limited on 2026-10-06.

   Data note: CSET/OWID AI publications 2022–24: 8, 4, 8.

   Sources ourworldindata.org (opens in a new tab) · ourworldindata.org (2) (opens in a new tab)

5. H4.5

   AI patents filed

   ○Not determined

   No country-level count of AI-related domestic patent filings was retrieved as of Oct 2026. WIPO IP Statistics and national IP office data were not accessible in this pass, and no published AI-patent figure for this country was found.

6. H4.6

   K-12 CS education

   ○Not determined

   No authoritative source on the status of K-12 computer science education was opened for this country in this pass (Oct 2026).

7. H4.7

   AI workforce training programs

   ●Evidence found

   Pilot: In June 2025 the Ministry of ICT held an 'AI in Governance Training Programme for Eswatini Politicians' for Members of Parliament, framed under the 'Government in Your Hand' digital skills strategy. The Ministry said the national AI strategy was being drafted.

   Sources eswatiniobserver.com (opens in a new tab)

8. H4.8

   Labour transition policy

   ○Not determined

   No government framework on AI and labour-market transition (adopted, draft or under discussion) was found for this country in the sources opened in this pass (Oct 2026).

9. H4.9

   Informal economy AI assessment

   ○Not determined

   No government assessment of AI's impact on the informal economy was found for this country in the sources opened in this pass (Oct 2026).

10. H4.10

    African language NLP coverage

    ●Evidence found

    Count of domestic non-European languages in Meta NLLB-200/FLORES-200 or Google Translate (Cloud Translation list accessed Oct 2026; Jun 2024 expansion), mapped by the researcher. Supported: siSwati (NLLB ssw_Latn; Google ss, Jun 2024). isiZulu (minority; supported) is not counted.

    Sources raw.githubusercontent.com (opens in a new tab) · cloud.google.com (opens in a new tab) · blog.google (opens in a new tab)

Fellow-assigned pillar score. Indicators not scored. Southern Africa mean 1.16 · all 54 states mean 1.05.

10 indicators: 0 evidence found, 1 confirmed absence, 9 not determined.

1. N5.1

   AI companies count

   ○Not determined

   TechBehemoths AI-services page for this country returned HTTP 403 when opened in Oct 2026 (likely no AI category page), so no count could be read; no alternative consistent directory count was obtained.

   Sources techbehemoths.com (opens in a new tab)

2. N5.2

   Private AI investment (USD)

   ○Not determined

   Partech's 2025 report (22 Jan 2026) states that outside the top four markets only Senegal, Morocco and Ghana exceeded US$50M in tech equity, so Eswatini received less than US$50M in 2025; no country figure and no AI-specific investment figure was found.

   Sources partechpartners.com (opens in a new tab)

3. N5.3

   AI incubators/accelerators

   ○Not determined

   No AI-focused incubator or accelerator count established from an opened source in this pass (general tech hubs not counted).

4. N5.4

   Regulatory sandbox (AI)

   ○Not determined

   No fintech or other regulatory sandbox for this country appears in the Open Bank Project Africa sandbox list (updated to early 2026). No AI-specific sandbox was identified; the Datasphere Initiative 2025 inventory found AI-specific sandboxes in Africa still nascent.

   Sources openbankproject.com (opens in a new tab) · thedatasphere.org (opens in a new tab)

5. N5.5

   Government AI procurement

   ○Not determined

   No evidence located on government procurement of AI from domestic developers (no AI-specific procurement rule or preference policy found in sources opened).

6. N5.6

   AI safety evaluation capacity

   ○Not determined

   No AI safety testing or evaluation facility (academic, government or accredited) identified in sources opened.

7. N5.7

   ISO/IEC 42001 adoption

   ○Not determined

   No ISO/IEC 42001 certification of an organisation based in this country and no national adoption of the standard was found (searches Oct 2026); the national standards body is not a member of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42, the committee that publishes ISO/IEC 42001.

   Sources iso.org (opens in a new tab)

8. N5.8

   Standards body AI competency

   ■Confirmed absence

   Exists, no AI focus: National standards body SWASA (ISO correspondent member) exists, but Eswatini is absent from both the participating and observing member lists of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42 (Artificial intelligence) as of Oct 2026, so there is no AI committee participation; no national AI committee was found.

   Sources iso.org (opens in a new tab) · en.wikipedia.org (opens in a new tab)

9. N5.9

   AI risk assessment frameworks

   ○Not determined

   No sector-specific or cross-sector AI risk assessment framework identified in sources opened.

10. N5.10

    University-industry AI partnerships

    ○Not determined

    No formal university-industry AI research partnership identified in sources opened.

Fellow-assigned pillar score. Indicators not scored. Southern Africa mean 1.48 · all 54 states mean 1.26.

10 indicators: 3 evidence found, 0 confirmed absence, 7 not determined.

1. E6.1

   Algorithmic impact assessment

   ○Not determined

   Eswatini is not covered by GIRAI 2026, and no AI impact-assessment requirement or guidance was found in sources opened as of Oct 2026; absence could not be confirmed from an authoritative source. Whether the Data Protection Act 2022 contains a DPIA duty was not verified.

   Sources global-index.ai (opens in a new tab) · dataprotection.africa (opens in a new tab)

2. E6.2

   Bias audit requirements

   ○Not determined

   Eswatini is not covered by GIRAI 2026 and no AI bias-audit requirement or guidance was found in sources opened as of Oct 2026; absence could not be confirmed.

   Sources global-index.ai (opens in a new tab)

3. E6.3

   Transparency obligations

   ●Evidence found

   Sector-specific: dataprotection.africa (Jun 2022) records that the Data Protection Act 2022 provides rights in relation to automated decision-taking, the only binding automated-processing safeguard found; no AI-specific transparency requirement or AI policy has been adopted as of Oct 2026.

   Sources dataprotection.africa (opens in a new tab)

4. E6.4

   Citizen redress mechanism

   ●Evidence found

   DPA complaint: dataprotection.africa (Jun 2022) records that the Data Protection Act 2022 (gazetted Mar 2022) provides a right not to be subject to automated decision-making ('Rights in relation to automated decision-taking') and that a data protection authority has been designated with investigative powers. The exact section number was not verified; no AI-specific complaint channel was found as of Oct 2026.

   Sources dataprotection.africa (opens in a new tab)

5. E6.5

   Judicial AI remedy

   ○Not determined

   No court case on algorithms, AI or solely automated decisions was found for Eswatini in sources opened as of Oct 2026 (data protection trackers, GIRAI 2026, which does not cover it); ordinary courts have general jurisdiction, but the absence of precedent is not confirmed by an authoritative source.

   Sources dataprotection.africa (opens in a new tab) · global-index.ai (opens in a new tab)

6. E6.6

   AI advisory body diversity

   ○Not determined

   No national AI advisory body for Eswatini was located in sources opened as of Oct 2026, so composition and diversity cannot be assessed; absence is not confirmed by an authoritative source.

   Sources global-index.ai (opens in a new tab)

7. E6.7

   Global AI governance participation

   ●Evidence found

   Observer: Eswatini is a UNESCO Member State; the Recommendation on the Ethics of AI was adopted unanimously by all 193 Member States in 2021 (as restated in Sep 2025 reporting). Eswatini is not on the Paris AI Action Summit statement (11 Feb 2025), the initial New Delhi AI Impact Summit Declaration endorser list (20 Feb 2026) or the OECD.AI GPAI member list, and no completed UNESCO RAM was found in sources opened as of Oct 2026.

   Sources middleeastainews.com (opens in a new tab) · elysee.fr (opens in a new tab) · digitalpolicyalert.org (opens in a new tab)

8. E6.8

   Civil society AI engagement

   ○Not determined

   No formal or documented ad hoc civil society participation mechanism in AI governance was found for Eswatini in sources opened as of Oct 2026; GIRAI 2026 does not cover it. An inaugural AI Indaba (Nov 2024) convened experts on AI for development, but civil society's role was not specified (UN Eswatini).

   Sources global-index.ai (opens in a new tab) · eswatini.un.org (opens in a new tab)

9. E6.9

   African ethical framework reference

   ○Not determined

   No reference to Ubuntu or African ethical principles was found in AI governance material for Eswatini opened as of Oct 2026; no adopted national AI document was searched in full, so absence is not confirmed.

   Sources global-index.ai (opens in a new tab)

10. E6.10

    Youth participation

    ○Not determined

    Eswatini's inaugural AI Indaba (Nov 2024) focused on youth unemployment and leveraging the youthful population (UN Eswatini), but no formal youth participation mechanism in AI governance was found; the national AI strategy was still being drafted.

    Sources eswatini.un.org (opens in a new tab)

Fellow-assigned pillar score. Indicators not scored. Southern Africa mean 1.62 · all 54 states mean 1.55.

10 indicators: 4 evidence found, 0 confirmed absence, 6 not determined.

1. R7.1

   AU AI Strategy alignment

   ●Evidence found

   Awareness: Eswatini is a signatory of the Africa Declaration on AI (Kigali, 4 April 2025), which in clause 3.6.1 commits signatories to support national AI policies and governance frameworks aligned with the AU Continental AI Strategy; no country-specific formal alignment process was found in sources opened as of Oct 2026.

   Sources c4ir.rw (opens in a new tab)

2. R7.2

   Kigali Declaration endorsement

   ●Evidence found

   Endorsed: Eswatini appears on the official signatory list of the Africa Declaration on Artificial Intelligence, done at Kigali on 4 April 2025 (C4IR Rwanda PDF created 5 April 2025; list of AU, Smart Africa and 52 states). No evidence of a national implementation step specifically citing the Declaration was found as of Oct 2026.

   Sources c4ir.rw (opens in a new tab) · aiexpoafrica.com (opens in a new tab)

3. R7.3

   REC AI governance coordination

   ●Evidence found

   Active participant: Eswatini is a member of SADC (founding 1980) and COMESA (founding 1994). Delegates from Eswatini took part in the SADC Regional Workshop on Data Governance for AI readiness in Harare (reported 14 Aug 2026); the SADC Secretariat is developing a Regional AI Strategy and Regulatory Framework (reported 26 June 2026), not yet adopted.

   Sources news.broadcastmediaafrica.com (opens in a new tab) · itweb.africa (opens in a new tab) · sadc.int (opens in a new tab)

4. R7.4

   Cross-border AI agreements

   ○Not determined

   No bilateral or multilateral AI governance cooperation agreement involving Eswatini was found in sources opened as of Oct 2026; non-binding declarations (Kigali 2025 and, where applicable, Paris 2025 or New Delhi 2026) are recorded under R7.2 and R7.10.

5. R7.5

   Election integrity AI provisions

   ○Not determined

   No legal or institutional provision addressing AI in elections was found for Eswatini in sources opened as of Oct 2026.

6. R7.6

   Disinformation response framework

   ○Not determined

   No government framework for responding to AI-generated disinformation was found for Eswatini in sources opened as of Oct 2026.

7. R7.7

   AI election incidents documented

   ○Not determined

   No documented AI-related election interference incident was found for Eswatini in sources opened (search coverage incomplete); count not determined as of Oct 2026.

8. R7.8

   Platform content moderation

   ○Not determined

   No government engagement with platforms on AI content moderation was found for Eswatini in sources opened as of Oct 2026.

9. R7.9

   Geneva Dialogue participation

   ●Evidence found

   Active contributor: Eswatini delivered a national statement at the inaugural UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance (Geneva, 6-7 July 2026), per the UN list of statements from Member States and Observers.

   Sources un.org (opens in a new tab) · un.org (2) (opens in a new tab)

10. R7.10

    G20/multilateral AI engagement

    ○Not determined

    Eswatini is not on the Paris AI Action Summit statement signatory list (Feb 2025), the initial New Delhi AI Impact Summit Declaration endorser list (87 states, 20 Feb 2026; later joiners not fully listed) or the G20 Johannesburg 2025 invited-states list. No other multilateral AI initiative participation was found.

    Sources elysee.fr (opens in a new tab) · digitalpolicyalert.org (opens in a new tab) · en.wikipedia.org (opens in a new tab)

Fellow-assigned pillar score. Indicators not scored. Southern Africa mean 0.70 · all 54 states mean 0.78.

10 indicators: 0 evidence found, 0 confirmed absence, 10 not determined.

1. M8.1

   AI governance budget disbursed

   ○Not determined

   No AI budget was found. A May 2025 national AI dialogue (ICT Ministry and Economic Planning) disclosed no funding, and AI regulation was described as 'planned' in the 2025 Economic Update.

   Sources undp.org (opens in a new tab) · dig.watch (opens in a new tab)

2. M8.2

   Health AI regulation

   ○Not determined

   No health AI regulation was found; healthcare capability-building was named as a priority at the May 2025 dialogue.

   Sources undp.org (opens in a new tab)

3. M8.3

   Health AI devices approved

   ○Not determined

   No data was found on approved AI health devices.

4. M8.4

   Government AI system registry

   ○Not determined

   No government AI registry was found. The government runs 11 digital public services, with 90 more planned within three years (2025).

   Sources dig.watch (opens in a new tab)

5. M8.5

   AI governance M&E reports

   ○Not determined

   No AI governance M&E report was found; no adopted AI strategy was identified.

   Sources undp.org (opens in a new tab)

6. M8.6

   Agriculture AI governance

   ○Not determined

   No agriculture AI provisions were found.

7. M8.7

   Financial services AI governance

   ○Not determined

   No Central Bank of Eswatini AI guidance was found.

8. M8.8

   Education AI governance

   ○Not determined

   A nationwide coding initiative targets digital-skills training for over 300,000 citizens (2025), but no education AI governance guidance was found.

   Sources dig.watch (opens in a new tab)

9. M8.9

   Measurable governance outcomes

   ○Not determined

   No documented protective outcome was found.

10. M8.10

    WHO AI health guidance adoption

    ○Not determined

    No country-specific adoption was found. WHO AFRO AI-for-health ethics workshops (2021, 47 countries; July 2023) do not list participants.

    Sources afro.who.int (opens in a new tab)